Modern autocracies hold elections, allow opposition parties, and have parliaments and constitutions. For several years now, scholars have been debating the function of these institutions: Are they merely “window dressing,” or do they actually help stabilize autocratic rule? Are parliaments merely “rubber stamps,” or do they contribute to effective policy-making? What roles do cabinets and political parties play? Due to the difficult conditions for data collection in non-democratic states, empirical research is still in its early stages. This seminar provides an overview of the current state of research, drawing on examples from various countries. A particular focus is placed on electoral autocracies in Africa. The seminar also provides methodological insights into case studies and comparative case studies.